A Brief Note On The Smoking Cessation Program - 2438 Words

In the smoking cessation program, nurses play an active role to increase the health literacy of clients and encourage them to quit smoking by using the appropriate brief interventions. Brief interventions are customized pretreatment tool, which effectively improve the clients’ health literacy and increase their motivation to stop smoking (World Health Organisation, 2003, p. 4). To tailor the appropriate behavior modification interventions and increase the likelihood of quit quitting, Stages of Change model is widely used to identify the client’s stage of change process (Koyun EroÄŸlu b, 2013, p. 131). To gain further understanding of how a nurse can improve health literacy and health outcomes of smokers by using Stage of Change Model,†¦show more content†¦Department of Health and Human Services, 2014, p. 1-3). There are at least 60 chemicals found to cause numerous of cancersï ¼Å'including, but not limited to, lung, blood, Oropharynx and Esophagus (State Government of Victoria, 2014). A study, which followed 387 persons for 25 years to study the cumulative effect of smoking on the functional ability at age 75, found that in addition to significantly reduce the life expectancy, smoking increases the risk of disablements late in life of the smokers (Stà ¸vring, Avlund, Schultz-Larsen, Schroll, 2004, p. 298-300). Tobacco use affects both smokers and non-smokers. Children and pregnant women are the most vulnerable (State Government of Victoria, 2014). Passive smoking causes many adverse effects on their health even they do not smoke. It increases the risk of cardiovascular, pulmonary and neoplastic diseases in children, such as asthma, lung infections and heart diseases. For the pregnant women, it increases the occurrence of sudden infant death syndrome, miscarriage and stillbirth (State Government of Victoria, 2014). In Australia, tobacco is the largest single preventable cause of diseases and death (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013). According to the National drug strategy household survey 2013, the prevalence of daily smoking in Australian population over 14

The Failure of the 1848 Revolution Free Essays

The revolution of 1848 was one of the noisy and bloody one and spread almost allover the Europe. There were three major reasons for the 1848; economic crisis, the emergence of liberal political activity and the tendency to the right. France was the one of the countries that broke out from the revolutionary fighting. We will write a custom essay sample on The Failure of the 1848 Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will give information about the 1848 revolution and its failure. The 1848 revolution was more wide and vicious than the 1830 revolution as it has includes struggles between old with new and also new with new. The 1848 movements first arose in France as after the 1830 movements, socialism was gaining power; the republic supporters were increase, therefore society affected by polarization. Democratic structure was needed in order to balance the polarization whereas a bedlam was control the society because of the hard work conditions and economic crisis. â€Å"The year 1846 witnessed a severe famine-Europe’s last serious food crisis. Lack of grain drove up food and other prices while wages remained stagnant, thus reducing consumer demand.With consumers buying less and less, profits plummeted, forcing thousands of industrial workers out of their jobs. High unemployment combined with high prices sparked the liberal revolt. † The year1848 was a time period marked by a moderately liberal state which was controlled mainly by the educated elite which greatly put the middle and working classes out of action. Under the severe conditions of the year 1848, the middle class and bourgeoisie demanded; the right to vote, the extension of the political veins and the freedom of speech and thought.However, the king Louis-Philippe had not sympathy. On 18 February 1848, French revolutionists decided to assembly a meeting in France, but, the government was cancelled it one before from its date and as an answer middle class poured to the streets. As a result of non-suppression of the middle class by the military forces, government had no choice but to negotiate, however, even that sacrifice did not enough for the revolutionist and the rebel was expanded. King Louis-Philippe fled to England and the demonstrators proclaimed the Second Republic on February 24th.However, that did not cured the crisis and unemployment even made it worst. Under those circumstances, the search for past and authority was occurred and France was slowly getting close to right again. Through the aspiration of the name Napoleon, his cousin Louis Napoleon came out and won the elections with caused a birth of a kingdom under the guise of republic which may be considered as the result of the 1848 revolution; â€Å"abolishment of monarchy†. Immediately after, objections again arose from â€Å"French Left† which was rapidly suppressed.In a while, in 1852, Louis Napoleon to call himself as emperor and established a two wings assembly which was unnamed dictatorship of Napoleon 3rd. The era of 1848-1852 is a period of arbitrary enforcements, improper personal profits and lust of luxury. That is one of the reasons that the 1848 revolutions was a failure. The 1848 with its main features could be accepted as failure which is related to bloodthirsty of revolutionist; majority of society were pleased the end of the 1848 with achievement of peace.In addition to that, the 1848 was not successful for revolutionist, however, that would accepted as loss of power for the right wing; Metternich was not in charge in Austria, Hungarian rebellions†¦ etc. The revolutions probably failed due to lack of organization. In Austria, for example, the revolts in Prague, Vienna, and Budapest maintained no communication among them, allowing the Austrian army to attend to each in isolation, without a united front. Finally, the return of conservative and reactionary forces was probably due to the middle class.Another reason why the revolutions failed was because moderate liberals of the middle class feared the radicalism of the workers, preventing any type of lasting alliance. Therefore, when radicals took control of the revolutions in Paris and in Eastern Europe, the middle class liberals turned their backs, preferring absolute rule and law and order, to the uncertainty of radical revolution.REFFERENCES -Encyclopedia of Revolutions of 1848, 1 November 2005, http://www. ohio. edu/chastain/introduc. htm -French Revolution of 1848, 17 December 2010, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848 How to cite The Failure of the 1848 Revolution, Papers

Case Study of the British Residents-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1. Whether Taite and Aramis would be operating through a permanent establishment, and discuss the role the permanent establishment plays in determining their liability to tax in Australia. 2. Assuming the taxable entities involved are a resident of Australia for tax purposes discuss whether interest expenses will be deductible prior to commencing business activities, during the life of the land development business and after the sale of the business. In particular explore the effect refinancing may have on the deductibility of interest expenses after the planned repurchase, 3. The deductibility of the expected losses after repurchase 4. Whether the fact the land is trading stock for the subsidiary means they will be exempt from CGT on the sale of the subsidiary 5. Identify the business risks associated with this plan and suggest some risk management strategies. Answers: Introduction The given report is based on the determination of permanent establishments of the given tax entities. In the given case, the taxpayers Taite and Aramisa are British residents and the given taxations acts of UK will be applicable for them. Both the partners are the on the verge of the entering into a business which involves the activities related to land and building development. The business is done by establishing a parent company and then financing it through the 100% subsidiary, the whole business will incur cost and income which will be taxable in Australia since the company plans to operate through a permanent establishment in Australia. The concept of permanent establishment is explained in Australian tax Act where there arises incidence of tax or according to the place of operation of business or the source of generating income or where the incidence of tax. 1.The case study of the British residents Taite and Aramisa needs to identify whether the parties are liable of tax in case of Permanent Establishment. Subsection 6 (1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 gives a proper description of Permanent Establishment. In the given case study, both the parties want to set up their parent company at a commercial rate by making use of their respective borrowed money for the purpose of permanent establishment (Glendon, Clarke McKenna, 2016). As per tax ruling, Taxation Ruling TR 2002/5, sub section 6(1), Permanent establishment is a place, where individuals established commercial tax forms for the purpose of carrying their respective commercial activities. In the case both the partners wants to carry on the business through a permanent establishment , where they want to engage themselves or have a place of business or the construction work and they will be operating through a agent and the place will be solely used for the purchasing of merchandise or operation of the land development. (Kabinga, 2015). From the given case study, it is also observed that both the parties Taite and Aramisa business cannot be considered as completely permanent as it involves buying and selling of their respective land and property. According to sub section 6(1), such activities cannot be termed as permanent, and therefore, their respective first criteria failed. According to the second criteria, the given business is a temporary business where the place of carrying the respective business is present under description PE as per sub section 6(1). From the case, Applegate v. FCT78 ATC 4054 at 4060; (1978), it can be inferred that permanence cannot be represented everlastingly. The permanent is the phrase that has shown the differences between either the provisional or the temporary. It has been further been determined as the assessment of truth whether temporary permanence prevails. Nevertheless in the case of Taite and Aramisa, they have to stay at least more than a period of 6 months, in order to consider themselves at temporarily permanent. Role of permanent establishment in case of determining tax liability in Australia The subsection 6 (1) of PE under ITAA 1936 defines the exact meaning and terms of permanent establishment. It plays a major role in determining an individuals tax liability in an effective manner. It can be also inferred that permanent establishment also plays a major role in case of both domestic as well as global law. It also forced to introduce law under UK 1946 Double Tax Agreement. This concept also plays a pivotal role in determination of tax treaties, where it identifies whether trade has been partial or fully carried out as per the contract of the given parties (Taylor Richardson, 2013).The concept of permanent establishment has been described in the Australian Tax Law and it is defined in the act. PE is defined in most of Australia's tax treaties to mean, among other things, a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried .This is consistent with the primary meaning of PE in the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Cap ital. The role of Permanent Establishment is a very important criterion in determining the role of the tax liability is Australia. The place of establishment is important since the liability and incidence for tax for the assesse is dependent on the criteria based on the incidence on tax on the location or place of business of the assessee. Permanent Establishment is a place where the assesse carries on the business through the agent and it can be the place of construction project or a place where the assessed is engaged as a broker or commission agent. In Australia it was first used in our tax treaty with the United Kingdom signed in 1946. It appeared specifically in Australia's domestic tax law outside the tax treaty context in 1959. 2.Taxation Rulings TR 2004/4 helps in determining whether interest rates are deductible prior commencing or during life or during sale of business when the concerned parties are residents of Australia. It is evident from the case study of Taite and Aramisa that the re-financing of the organizations existing loan needs a huge among of initial borrowing which also includes their respective interest expenses. Also, the deductibility of interest expense may also consider the extent of the borrowing of loans and the exact usage of it (Wilkins, 2015). According to the case, Kidston Goldmines Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation, the judgment was given by explaining the concept whether the funds were used based on individual purpose or not and it became important in the assessment of deductibility of the interest expense. It remains to be seen in case of Taite and Aramisa, whether interest expense took place during any income generating activity or not.There is an expense for the borrowed On the other hand, according to the case, Texas Company (Australasia) Limited v. FC of T(1940) 63 CLR 382, it has been seen that Australian taxation system takes into consideration, the interest on borrowed funds in order to safeguard the respective capital. The tax structure is considered in order to finance the interest on the loan from the borrowed capital.In such cases, interest is regard as capital asset in the initial stages and later it is involved in any income generated activities (Glendon, Clarke McKenna, 2016).Therefore, in case of the given case study, Taite and Aramisa, interest expense can be considered as capital expenditure as in this case, capital asset is created while interest payment is also becoming recurring. However, this cannot be considered as an advantageous position for Taite and Aramisa. As per the principles of FC of T v. Roberts, it has stated that as per the case for the particular type of considerations and it has stated that there will be different types of the stated consideration that enables the both of the partners to take the decision of refinancing so that they are regarded for the deductions taken from the partnership capital. The case of Texas Company (Australasia) Limited v. FC of T(1940) 63 CLR 382 has stated that the considerations of the borrowed interest funds which has been based on the protection of the capital which has in terms of the existing income and producing activities . 3.Section 8-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 defines the concept of deductibility of expected losses in case of any re-purchase. On the other hand, the taxation rulings of TR 95/2reflects that such losses cannot be considered as capital expenditure in case of attainment of taxable income of a respective taxpayer. In case of the case study of Taite and Aramisa, the loss incurred by the taxpayer clearly meets the requirements of section 8-1. According to the case, FC of T v. Smith92 ATC 4380, interest on borrowing will be considered as deduction to the extent up to which capital was engaged in the business with a view of producing or acquiring the respective taxable income. Therefore, in case of the given case study, the commercial aspects need to be considered in case of deduction of expected losses (Taylor Richardson, 2013). Apart from this, it can be also inferred that expenditures will be deducted according to section 8-1, if that particular expenditure has a direct link with the activities and function of the respective tax payer. Therefore, in order to calculate for the loss of the parties Taite and Aramisa, considerations must be given all the factors which are surrounded around all the events of losses of the concerned parties (Kabinga, 2015). The expenditures which was incurred in the business and the sale of the subsidiary and thus it will incur losses due to the continuous losses due to interest expenses. Since the loans will not be paid therefore the interest on loan has to be paid continuously. Thus the losses will be paid continuously, therefore Taite and Aramisa shall consider all the factors of for the concerned losses. It can be also inferred that the existing scenario fulfills all the requirements of section 8-1. As held in the case of FC of T v. Riverside Road Pty Ltd90 ATC 4567 the court has come to the conclusion that the use of the summarized principles which is concerned with the deductions under section 51 (1) of the Act . It is important to note that the expenditure should have possessed sufficient association which will function and thus proportionately generates assessable income to meet the statutory criterion for carrying on the business. Necessary attention must be paid in determining the deductibility of loss for Taite and Aramis for the objective surrounding the loss. With reference to section 8-1 the existing scenario successfully fulfils the criterion of the taxpayer (Robin 2017). 4.(Trading stock exempted from CGT) Capital Gains Tax or CGT refers to those taxes, which is paid on capital gain on the respective income tax of a particular individual. It can be inferred that if an individual acquires a vacant land for private purposes, then it is taken as a capital asset and it is subjected to CGT. On the contrary, if the same land is acquired for business purposes, then, it is termed as trading stock. Land is considered as trading stock for the purpose of income tax. In case of Taite and Aramisa, land can be considered as trading stock as they bought the land for the purpose of re-sale. Therefore, capital gains is not at applicable, where land has been used as trading stock. The land is used for the business purpose therefore it is taxable as profits and gains from business and profession. The land which they acquired was not used by them personally so the tax which was raised from such sale is not allocate to capital gain tax and the proceeds would be treated or the taxation purpose as business g ains. In addition to this, it can be inferred that proceeds from capital gain will not be treated as capital gain since trading stock is exempt for the purpose of tax as capital gain. (Fry, 2017). 5.(Business risks associated with the given plan) Taite and Aramisa are certainly like to face several types of business risks which is associated with their respective plan of business operations. These risks are as follows:- Increase in cost of raw materials associated with construction It can be inferred that economic conditions of a country may change with due course of time. Therefore, prices of raw materials, along with construction costs will probably rise with them. Therefore, it is of great essence to keep a contingency plan in order to tackle the risks of higher costs with due course of time (King, 2016). Increase of rate of interest Another business risk that Taite and Aramisa may face is sudden increase in rate of interest. It can be deduced that there is a huge possibility in increase of interest rates in the given industry. In that case, if they borrow money, then they will have to also pay a higher amount of interest rate as well. In addition to this, there is bound to be huge variations in demand and supply of property market with due course of time. Therefore, it is important for Taite and Aramisa to manage these risks in a timely manner (Glendon, Clarke McKenna, 2016). Risk management strategies The first step of risk management strategy is to identify the risk management strategy and the step or the strategies formulated by the management to identify and take precautions. The type of risk varies from business to business but the one has to prepare for risk management strategies so as to hedge or offset the risk involved in the project (Fry, 2017). Balance scorecard: - Taite and Aramisa can implement the strategy of balance score card in order to view all their future strategies effectively. The tool is very effective and is one of the risk management risk strategy, the company formulates the strategy thereby addressing critical problems and then analyzing the task and at last this step is to prioritizing the risks by them. With the help of this tool, they can prepare a contingency plan and also minimize their loopholes effectively (Maurer, 2017). Sensitivity analysis:- The above tool helps to evaluate the future profitability of the firm with due course of time. It has different type of independent and dependent variables, which have a considerable impact over their outcome (Wilkins, 2015). Sensitivity analysis is a technique, which is used by the company in adverse situation when there is a change in the risk and it is easier for the person to identify key variables and the consequences it will have on the profit if there is any change in the investment. Taite and his business colleague Aramis are planning to set up a new company and they want to finance the project with the loan so this strategy of sensitivity analysis of risk management will help both of them to do the business effectively (Basak, 2016). Feedback from stakeholders An effective feedback from the given stakeholders also helps individuals to make necessary steps and minimize their respective variances. Taite and Aramisa can take feedback from their respective stakeholders and conduct a proper audit of their plan. Based on the evaluation, both of them can take necessary steps in order to minimize their respective variances. This will further help them to understand their respective outcomes based on the respective sections of Australian Taxation. Conclusion It can be concluded that several tax legislations are applicable for the case of Taite and Aramisa for their activities of dealing and holding of land. The business plan that they construct consist of various tax laws and the incidence of tax is dependent on the residential status and the place where they have permanent business. Although there is sale of subsidiary, it was expected that they will generate losses due to continuous interest income, also the risk management strategy will help in the evaluation of the risks associated with it. Based on it, several risk management strategies have been suggested to Taite and Aramisa. References Basak, S. (2016). Equalization Levy: A New Perspective of E-Commerce Taxation.Intertax,44(11), 845-852. Christie, M. (2015). Principles of Taxation Law 2015. Dunne, J., Taylor, H., Batten, N., Krapivensky, N. (2016). 2015 case review: High ATO success rate continues.Taxation in Australia,50(10), 609. Faccio, M., Xu, J. (2015). Taxes and capital structure.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,50(3), 277-300. Fry, M. (2017). Australian taxation of offshore hubs: an examination of the law on the ability of Australia to tax economic activity in offshore hubs and the position of the Australian Taxation Office.The APPEA Journal,57(1), 49-63. Fry, M. (2017). Australian taxation of offshore hubs: an examination of the law on the ability of Australia to tax economic activity in offshore hubs and the position of the Australian Taxation Office.The APPEA Journal,57(1), 49-63. Glendon, A. I., Clarke, S., McKenna, E. (2016).Human safety and risk management. Crc Press. Jacob, M. (2016). Tax regimes and capital gains realizations.European Accounting Review, 1-21. Kabinga, M. (2015). Established principles of taxation.Tax justice poverty. King, M. (2016). Offshore hubs: Developments in multinational corporate tax anti-avoidance.Australian Resources and Energy Law Journal,35(2), 142. Lam, J. (2014).Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Maurer, L., Port, C., Roth, T., Walker, J. (2017). A Brave New Post-BEPS World: New Double Tax Treaty Between Germany and Australia Implements BEPS Measures.Intertax,45(4), 310-321. McClure, R., Lanis, R., Govendir, B. (2016). Analysis of Tax Avoidance Strategies of Top Foreign Multinationals Operating in Australia: An Expose. Miller, A., Oats, L. (2016).Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing. ROBIN, H. (2017).AUSTRALIAN TAXATION LAW 2017. OXFORD University Press. Saad, N. (2014). Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, 1069-1075. Taylor, G., Richardson, G. (2013). The determinants of thinly capitalized tax avoidance structures: Evidence from Australian firms.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,22(1), 12-25. Wilkins, R. (2015). Measuring income inequality in Australia.Australian Economic Review,48(1), 93-102. Woellner, R. H., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C., Pinto, D. (2016).Australian Taxation Law Select: Legislation and Commentary 2016. Oxford University Press.

Qualitative Approach Used While Assessing Academic Progress after Introduction of Technological Changes and Professional Development Programs

Table of Contents Introduction Purpose Statement Research Hypotheses Background Significance of the Research Methodology Reference List Introduction The assessment of effectiveness of students’ academic performance is significant for further improvements and measures that may be taken to change the situation at school or any other educational institution. In this respect, it is necessary to evaluate the current situation and conduct research to evaluate the situation after implementing changes. Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Qualitative Approach Used While Assessing Academic Progress after Introduction of Technological Changes and Professional Development Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The evaluation should concern the methods of teaching as claimed by students (measure if students are satisfied with teaching methods and practical implementation of curriculum using a rubric); instance s of technology use in classes, student and faculty attitudes, or changes in teaching practices should be measured as well. Analysis of changes in the situation can show how effective the changes can be and what areas of academic activity should receive more attention even after implementation of changes into academic curriculum. Purpose Statement The purpose of the research consists in the evaluation of situation at an educational institution after the introduction of changes. The research is sure to demonstrate the most vulnerable areas of academic curriculum and technological advancement. The results of the research will become the evidence for implementation of further practices into academic curriculum and professional development sessions. The purpose of the current research consists in assessment of effectiveness of changes and consideration of their further implementation. Research Hypotheses The introduction of changes can affect all parties concerned and it is important t o know how effective the changed are in terms of academic progress and satisfaction of students from practical implementation of academic curriculum. If the changes are really effective, researchers should share their experience and claim to make changes at a national level regarding all educational institutions of different academic levels. If the changes prove to be ineffective, it is necessary to question a necessity of further application of those practices in the educational institution under consideration and prevent other institutions that face similar problems from introducing those changes. In this respect, it is necessary to evaluate academic progress and effectiveness of teaching methods used by tutors after completion of professional development sessions and skills gained during those sessions to make students interested in class activities and get a feedback and constructive criticism on the strategies used after the reform.Advertising Looking for assessment on e ducation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Background It is necessary to note that every greater change involves minor changes that are sure to affect all areas relevant to the main field that should undergo changes. In this respect, it would be really interesting to take into account Guskey’s (1986 as cited in Walpole McKenna, 2004, p.188) research and implementation of heuristic approach. â€Å"†¦staff development sessions [should] be targeted directly to changing teacher practice, that data collected to track the effects of that changed practice on student outcomes, and that these changes in student outcomes influence changes in teachers’ beliefs and attitudes† (Walpole McKenna, 2004, p.188). As the knowledge gained during professional development sessions can be applicable to real life situation in terms of education, teachers are expected to implement theory into practice during their classes, hence improving students’ understanding of the material and raising their interest and encouraging participation and constructive feedbacks on the curriculum and activities in class. Significance of the Research The research is significant due to its original idea to investigate the academic progress of students through their personal assessment of the changed curriculum, technological approach, and design. Analyzing students’ opinion, it is easier to explore the situation from inside, thus, learning the effectiveness of changes implemented after professional development sessions and other alterations introduced into academic process. The importance of the research concerns the analysis of data and assessment of effectiveness of methods used to improve the academic curriculum, methods of teaching, and students’ involvement into activities. Methodology The qualitative approach should be used for more effective collection and analysis of data. It is necessary to compl ete a survey so that all aspects were covered. As the research should be designed including two parts such as collecting information and evaluation of gathered data, the surveys and criteria should be designed correspondingly. Thus, the collecting part should be designed in the form of a survey so that every student, parent and teacher could assess the situation concerning academic curriculum, technological implementation of innovations, and teaching methods. Lodico, Spaulding, Voegtle (2010) report about the parents’ participation in evaluation of the situation in academic curriculum ad progress of students (p.36); thereby, parents’ assessment of the situation is of crucial importance as it enables researchers to analyze the situation in general as viewed by all parties concerned. Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Qualitative Approach Used While Assessing Academic Progress after Introduction of Technological Changes and Professional Devel opment Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is necessary to complete questionnaires for parents and distribute those among parents during parents-teachers conferences. This will enable researchers to get a feedback from parents as well as from students. Surveys can be considered the most appropriate method for applying qualitative approach to the institution (Creswell, 2003, p.5). The assessment criteria should be presented in the form of a rubric to define the practices applied to the academic curriculum as those that appeared to be effective, partially effective, or ineffective. Reference List Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. Lodico, M., Spaulding, D. T., Voegtle, K. H. (2010). Methods in educational research: from theory to practice. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley Sons. Walpole, S., McKenna, M. C. (2004). The literac y coach’s handbook: A guide to research-based practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press. This assessment on Qualitative Approach Used While Assessing Academic Progress after Introduction of Technological Changes and Professional Development Programs was written and submitted by user Moderate Kid to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of World English

Definition and Examples of World English The term World English (or World Englishes) refers to the  English language as it is variously used throughout the world. Also known as international English and Global English. The English language is now spoken in more than 100 countries. Varieties of World English include American English, Australian English, Babu English, Banglish, British English, Canadian English, Caribbean English, Chicano English, Chinese English, Denglish (Denglisch), Euro-English,Hinglish, Indian English, Irish English, Japanese English, New Zealand English, Nigerian English, Philippine English, Scottish English, Singapore English, South African English, Spanglish, Taglish, Welsh English, West African Pidgin English, and Zimbabwean English. Linguist Braj Kachru has divided the varieties of World English into three concentric circles: inner, outer, and expanding. Although these labels are imprecise and in some ways misleading, many scholars would agree with Paul Bruthiaux that they offer a useful shorthand for classifying contexts of English world-wide (Squaring the Circles in the International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 2003). For a simple graphic of Braj Kachrus circle model of World Englishes, visit page eight  of the slideshow  World Englishes: Approaches, Issues, and Resources.Author Henry Hitchings has observed that the term World English is still in use, but is contested by critics who believe it strikes too strong a note of dominance (The Language Wars, 2011). A Phase in the History of English World English has been defined as a phase in the history of the English language. This phase has witnessed the transformation of English from the mother tongue of a handful of nations to a language being used by far more speakers in non-mother tongue settings. The changes that have accompanied this spreadthe multiplicity of varietiesresult not from the faulty and imperfect learning of the non-mother tongue speakers, but from the nature of the process of microacquisition, language spread and change.(Janina Brutt-Griffler, World English. Multilingual, 2002) Standardized Patterns The global spread of English, its causes and consequences, have long been a focus of critical discussion. One of the main concerns has been that of standardization. This is also because, unlike other international languages such as Spanish and French, English lacks any official body setting and prescribing the norms of the language. This apparent linguistic anarchy has generated a tension between those who seek stability of the code through some form of convergence and the forces of linguistic diversity that are inevitably set in motion when new demands are made on a language that has assumed a global role of such immense proportions.One consequence of the global predominance that English has gained over the last few decades is that today non-native speakers of English far outnumber its native speakers (Graddol 1997, Crystal 2003).(Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni, Introduction to  English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Continuum, 2006)[A]lthough world English is varied, ce rtain varieties and registers are fairly tightly controlled, often through standardized patterns of use . . .. Thus, there is a marked uniformity in the following arenas:(Tom McArthur, The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press, 2002)AirportsIn the public usage of international airports, where, on signboards, English is often twinned with other languages, and announcements are commonly in English or are multilingual including EnglishNewspapers and periodicalsEnglish-language broadsheet newspapers and magazine-style periodicals, in which the texts are tightly edited . . .Broadcast mediaThe programming of CNN, the BBC, and other especially TV news-and-views services, in which presentational formulas and formats are at least as crucial as in newspapersComputer use, email, and the Internet/WebIn such computer and Internet services as those offered by Microsoft . . .. Teaching World English The UK needs to abandon its outdated attitudes to English and embrace new forms of the language to maintain its influence in the global market, the leftwing thinktank Demos said today.In a series of recommendations, the report, As you like it: Catching up in an age of global English, says that far from being corruptions of English, new versions of the language, such as Chinglish and Singlish (Chinese and Singaporean varieties of English) have values that we must learn to accommodate and relate to.It says the UK should focus English teaching on how the language is now used around the world, not according to arcane strictures of how it should be spoken and written. . . .The reports authors, Samuel Jones and Peter Bradwell, say change is vital if the UK wants to maintain its influence around the world. . . .We have retained ways of thinking about the English language that were more suited to empire than they are to a modern, globalised world and we are at risk of becoming outdated, says the report.(Liz Ford, UK Must Embrace Modern English, Report Warns. The Guardian [UK], March 15, 2007) Alternate Spellings: world English

If Sentences for ESL Learners

If Sentences for ESL Learners English learners should learn if sentences, also known as conditional forms, in order to discuss various possibilities that are either realistic or imaginary. Follow the introduction below, you will find a grammar overview and explanation for each tense. Once you are familiar with these forms, use the referenced materials to practice and further your understanding of these forms. Teachers can print out the comprehension materials related to the materials, as well as the suggested lesson plans with point-by-point instructions on how to teach the conditional  forms in class. The Basics: What Are If Sentences? If sentences are used to discuss things that happen based on the condition that something else happens. There are three main types of if sentences. Use an if sentence in the first conditional to consider real, possible events in the present or future: If it rains, Ill take an umbrella. Use an if sentences in the second conditional to speculate about unreal, improbable events in the present moment or future: If I had a million dollars, Id buy a big house. An if sentence in the third conditional concerns imaginary (unreal) outcomes of past events: If he had spent more time studying, he would have passed the exam. If Sentence Forms Overview: If Sentence # 1 First Conditional If S present simple objects, S will verb objects- If the boys finish their homework early, they will play baseball. If Sentence # 2 Second Conditional If S past simple objects, S would verb objects- If he bought a new car, he would buy a Ford. If Sentence # 3 Third Conditional If S past perfect objects, S would have past participle objects- If she had seen him, she would have discussed the issues with him. Study If Sentences In Depth: Here is a detailed guide to all conditional forms with examples, important exceptions to the rules and a structured guide. The alternate guide provides options for advanced level learners. Finally, this guide to choosing between the first or second conditional provides further help on deciding whether to use the real or unreal conditional. Test Your Understanding of If Sentences: Once youve studied the rules - or if you already know the rules - test your knowledge: Conditional Forms Quiz For advanced level learners here is a reading dialogue comprehension exercise that focuses on using the third conditional. Teach a Lesson about If Sentences: This first and second conditional forms lesson employs reading comprehension about emergencies to help students discover and review the forms. Once students are comfortable with the form, they discuss other difficult or unusual situations using the first and second conditional This conditionals tic-tac-toe is a great game to help students review all three if sentence forms. Finally, here is a printable conditional form quiz to use in class. If Sentence Activities: Practice if sentences with grammar chants. Using chants, you and your classes can practice the structure so that it becomes natural and easy to remember.

Kone's Strategic Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Kone's Strategic Plan - Research Paper Example It will also show how KONE might use digital marketing as a competitive advantage. KONE is a very well reputed organization in the elevator and escalator industry. It is being noticed that in modern day business, digital marketing is playing a significant role. It is the need of the hour. Each and every global organization is understanding importance of digital marketing in their organizations. Digital marketing is such a promotional technique that, it can attract lots of customers within very short period of time. It reduces lots time and money for organizations. As an organization KONE faces the issue related with digital marketing. It is very important for the company to introduce digital marketing to maintain its competitive advantages. Long term vision, mission and corporate objectives are very important for every organization to excel in the future. KONE has very clear vision to provide best people flow experience. Here in this section mission statement and corporate objectives of the organization will be discussed. The organization measures their progress toward their vision. In course of that, they set some strategic targets. The organization has clear mission to acquire as many as loyal customers as possible. The company is very much committed to provide good working environment to their work forces. Sustainability and market leadership is a big priority for the organization. KONE has very significant corporate objectives. It wants to be a global market leader on the basis of technological innovation and creativity. Profitability and customer centricity is a very important characteristic of their corporate objective. The organization aims at long term higher financial growth than the normal industry standard. It wants to increase its global presence and want to satisfy different segments of their customers. The organization has decisive corporate objectives to match with different mega trends of the industry. Situation analysis has great